Terra MODIS satellite images showing locations of the different cruises. The date of the image was at the approximate peak of the phytoplankton bloom (maximum chl a concentration, as depicted by the size of the circles; mg m^–3). Red and purple indicate sea-ice concentration on the date of the sampling, <50% and ≥50%, respectively. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.430.f2