Location and sampling periods of the cruises (circles) and sea-ice camps (stars). Shown are the dominant Arctic Ocean currents with inflowing relatively warm surface currents (red arrows) and colder surface currents (light blue arrows), together with intermediate and deep currents (burgundy and dark blue arrows, respectively; modified from Anderson and Macdonald, 2015). Black arrows indicate the main river inputs. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.430.f1