LTC boundary layer results for under-ice mischaracterizations. LTC model output of salinity for (a) smooth ice, (b) observed ice, and (c) rough ice showing changes in the near-surface halocline under different roughness conditions. Similar to the salinity simulations, bottom panels (d–f) show temperature above freezing for each ice type. Red line plotted over figures identifies the estimated pycnocline from ice-tethered profiler observations. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.391.f9