Boundary layer model validation. Upper ocean (a) observed (ITP-80) and (b) modeled salinity for the 41-day study period with corresponding (c) observed and (d) modeled temperatures above freezing. Red line indicates the ocean mixed layer depth (MLD) defined by the first upper ocean level to be 0.1 kg m^–3 greater than the surface density (Peralta-Ferriz and Woodgate, 2015). LTC modeled MLD correlated well with the observed MLD throughout the time series (R = 0.92). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.391.f4