Diurnal profiles of observed (lidar) and simulated PBL heights. Mean diurnal profiles of modeled (colored) and lidar-derived (black) PBL heights at Seoul National University. Red and blue solid lines each indicate the modeled PBL height with no modification and the constrained PBL height using hourly scale factors, respectively. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.394.f4