Evolution for black carbon emissions in the Santiago basin. Time-series for black carbon emissions (blue dots) during the period 1852 AD–2002 AD. The red line describes the long-term mean in the influx of spheroidal carbonaceous particles recorded in four lacustrine systems. Significant (p-value < 0.05) regime shifts in air-quality at 1962 AD (RSI = –1.2) and 1992 AD (RSI = –2.6) are indicated as I and II, respectively. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.353.f6