Mean biases in poleward heat transport through the three gateways. For the 23 CMIP5 models ordered by effective horizontal resolution (quoted in blue) as in Table 1, 20-year mean poleward heat transport in TW (bar), interannual variability in TW (black error bar), and mean seasonal cycle in TW (shading) for a) Denmark Strait (DS); b) the Iceland-Faroe Ridge (IFR); c) the Faroe-Scotland Channel (FSC). Note the different y-axes. For each panel, black horizontal line is the mean observed value and grey shading its uncertainty; purple line with lilac shading, the mean and uncertainty of the reanalyses (see Data and Methods). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.354.f2