Vertical distribution of model errors. Vertical profile of model errors averaged over the two-month period, for the 1-km grid, for a) mean absolute error for wind direction, b) mean absolute error for wind speed, c) mean error for wind direction, and d) mean error for wind speed, for all four experiments: NOFDDA (MAE1/ME1), FDDA_WMO (MAE2/ME2), FDDA_WMO_Lidar (MAE3/ME3) and FDDA_WMO_Lidar_ACARS (MAE4/ME4). Note that ME represents mean error and MAE represents mean absolute error. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.133.f6