Simulated and observed ice algal biomass, nutrients, growth limitations, and simulated sympagic and pelagic production. Time series of (a) simulated (line) and observed (circles) Chl a concentrations in the bottom 3 cm of the sea ice, (b) simulated nitrate (solid black), ammonium (dashed black) and silicate (red) concentrations in the bottom 3 cm of sea ice, (c) simulated daily-mean growth limitation index for light (yellow), nitrogen (black), silicate (red), and ice melting (green), and (d) primary production rates of simulated ice algae (solid line) and phytoplankton (dashed line). In (a), circles represent the site-average values with one standard deviations indicated by vertical bars. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.229.f4