Simulated snow, melt-pond depth, and bare ice area, and simulated and observed PAR. Time series of (a) surface area fraction of simulated snow (red), melt ponds (green), and bare ice (blue) and (b) simulated daily-mean (line) and observed (circles) under-ice PAR during the Arctic-ICE 2010 study period. In (b), the units for the simulated PAR values were converted from W m–2 to µmol photons m–2 s–1 by a conversion factor of 4.56 following Lavoie et al. (2005). Vertical bars associated with the solid line represent the diurnal range of simulated under-ice PAR. Red and blue circles represent the daily-mean values measured using tethers deployed over high (HSC) and low (LSC) snow cover sites, respectively. Yellow circles are the instantaneous values based on CTD casts (CTD). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.229.f3