Simulated and observed snow depth, melt-pond depth, and ice thickness. Time series of (a) simulated daily-mean snow (solid line) and melt pond (dashed line) depths, observed snow/melt pond depth (circles), and (b) simulated daily-mean (line) and observed (circles) ice thickness. Circles represent the site-average values with one standard deviations indicated by vertical bars. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.229.f2