PPCPs as EcoDCs influence aquatic ecosystem function and biota. A) Conceptual figure demonstrating the potential non-lethal effects of EcoDCs at low concentrations on aquatic biota and ecosystem function, in contrast to toxic effects observed at high concentrations. The dashed horizontal line at the end of this curve represents uncertainty at high PPCP concentrations. The dashed vertical line indicated where lethality is becoming increasingly important relative to ecosystem disruption. B) Number of publications indexed in Web of Science measuring toxic endpoints (including LC50 and EC50 toxicity testing) versus those measuring non-lethal, ecological disruption (EcoD) endpoints at environmentally relevant concentrations. C) Number of publications in Web of Science demonstrating various endpoints related to ecosystem disruption associated with environmentally relevant concentrations of PPCPs. Details of literature search are available in supplementary material. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.252.f1