Illustration of channel complexity in a wilderness versus modified stream. Stream channel complexity contrasted in two watersheds including the Minam River—a designated wilderness area representing historical conditions—as seen from (A) aerial photography and (B) ground photography in 2013, and a simplified and unnaturally widened stream channel in the heavily impacted upper Grande Ronde River as seen from (C) aerial photography and (D) ground photography in 2015. Aerial images courtesy of Google Earth; ground images courtesy of the Columbia Habitat Monitoring Program. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.192.f1