Schematic of ice and upper ocean currents. a) A profile view, and b) a top-down view using the geostrophic current as the reference velocity. The velocity at the interface between the logarithmic boundary layer and Ekman layer (u₀) and a representative measurement depth for winter conditions (u₆) are shown, as is the turning angle of the ice-ocean drag coefficient, β₀. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.241.f1