Seasonal comparison of modelled physical and biogeochemical properties between the least and most productive ice seasons. Simulated temporal (seasonal) variability in sea-ice thickness, habitable space (biologically active layer BAL), sea-ice irradiance, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and carbon (C) biomass at each grid point (blue lines) of the Bothnian Bay during the ice season 1998–1999 (left) and 2005–2006 (right) with average values over the entire model domain indicated as black lines. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.223.f10