Annual net primary productivity of native plants and invasive Typha in the year following management in high-N wetlands. Treatments include one (a), three (b), or six (c) years of simulated burning (B), herbicide (H), mowing (M), no management (control; C), or combinations of these management techniques. Numbers above each bar represent the percentage of total NPP that comes from the invasive Typha. Simulated wetlands received inputs of 30 g N · m–2 · y–1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.147.f2