Observed depth-integrated DNF and scatter plots of modelled vs. observed values. a) Observed depth-integrated DNF rate (monthly climatology) from the MAREMIP database, and (b–g) comparison between mean modelled (y-axis) and observed (MAREMIP, x-axis) rates: b) CanESM, c) CESM, d) IPSL (rescaled by 0.17), e) UVic, f) GFDL, and g) MPI. The black dashed line indicates 1:1. An outlier observed value (1189 μmol m^–2 d^–1) has been omitted. Note different time period for UVic. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.277.f2