Schematic depiction of trials in cue-valence (top) and target-valence blocks (bottom) in Experiment 1. Each trial started with the presentation of a square-shaped cue. In cue-valence blocks, incentive valence (win/loss/no-incentive) was signaled by cue color (with all targets in gray), while in target-valence blocks, valence was signaled by target color (with all cues presented in gray). Targets had to be approached (push) or avoided (pull) depending on their orientation (the upper panel shows an example of an approach trial, the lower panel displays an avoid trial). Feedback was provided directly upon response, indicating whether the response was correct and in-time (i.e., action-congruent movement of the manikin, here indicated by dotted arrow), incorrect (i.e., white cross), or too late (i.e., white clock).