Note: Cohen’s d (raw) is calculated with the difference between raw means. Cohen’sd (adjusted) is calculated with the difference between means that adjust for amount of money spent as a covariate. Cohen’s dz is calculated by dividing the mean difference score by its standard deviation; a difference score was calculated for each participant by subtracting their score in the low-choice condition from their score in the high-choice condition; the difference does not adjust for amount of money spent as a covariate.

^a In Study 4, the amount of money spent on someone else or a cause did not vary by condition. Thus, no adjusted means were computed because amount of money spent was not included as a time-varying covariate during data analysis.