Instrumental setup
| Instrument . | Model, Manufacturer . | Measured Quantity . | Uncertainty . | Inferred Quantity . | Uncertainty . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extended meteorological package, EP | |||||
| Radiosonde | DFM-17, GRAW (Nürnberg, DE) | Temperature, T | 0.2 K | ||
| Relative humidity, RH | 3%–5% | ||||
| Pitot-static tube | Wind speed, WS | 0.5 m s–1 | |||
| 3-Axis compass | HMC6343, Honeywell (Plymouth, MN, USA) | Wind direction, WD | 5° | ||
| Ultrasonic anemometer package, UP | |||||
| Ultrasonic anemometer | uSonic-3 Class A, Metek (Elmshorn, DE) | 3-D wind vector | 7.5 cm s–1 | Local energy dissipation rate, ε | 15% |
| 1.5° | |||||
| Broadband radiation package, BP | |||||
| Pyrgeometer (2x) | CGR4, Kipp & Zonen (Delft, NL) | Downward TIR irradiance | 5 Wm–2 | Net TIR irradiance, Fnet | 7 Wm–2 |
| Upward TIR irradiance | 5 Wm–2 | TIR heating rate, ζ | 12 K day–1 | ||
| Pyranometer (2x) | CMP3, Kipp & Zonen | Downward solar irradiance | 2% | ||
| Upward solar irradiance | 2% (below cloud), | ||||
| 5% (above cloud) | |||||
| Cubic Aerosol Measurement Platform, CAMP | |||||
| Condensation particle counter | CPC 3007 (modified), TSI (Shoreview, MN, USA) | Particle number concentration, N12 nm | 5% | Particle number concentration, N12−150 nm | 10% |
| Condensation particle counter | CPC 3007 (modified), TSI | Particle number concentration, N>150 nm | 5% | ||
| Optical particle size spectrometer | POPS, Handix (Fort Collins, CO, USA) | Particle number size distribution, DP = 0.15–2.9 μm | 5% | ||
| Video Ice Particle Sampler, VIPS | |||||
| Video microscope | Liquid water and/or ice | 10 m | Cloud flag | 10 m | |
| Cloudnet | |||||
| Microwave radiometer | Hatpro, RPG (Meckenheim, DE) | Liquid water path, LWP | 20 g m−2 | ||
| + Cloud radar | KAZR, ProSensing (Amherst, MA, USA) | Ice water path, IWP | 40% | ||
| Ice water content, IWC | −30% to +40% | ||||
| + Lidar | PollyXT, TROPOS (Leipzig, Germany) | Liquid water content, LWC | 15%–25% | ||
| Instrument . | Model, Manufacturer . | Measured Quantity . | Uncertainty . | Inferred Quantity . | Uncertainty . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extended meteorological package, EP | |||||
| Radiosonde | DFM-17, GRAW (Nürnberg, DE) | Temperature, T | 0.2 K | ||
| Relative humidity, RH | 3%–5% | ||||
| Pitot-static tube | Wind speed, WS | 0.5 m s–1 | |||
| 3-Axis compass | HMC6343, Honeywell (Plymouth, MN, USA) | Wind direction, WD | 5° | ||
| Ultrasonic anemometer package, UP | |||||
| Ultrasonic anemometer | uSonic-3 Class A, Metek (Elmshorn, DE) | 3-D wind vector | 7.5 cm s–1 | Local energy dissipation rate, ε | 15% |
| 1.5° | |||||
| Broadband radiation package, BP | |||||
| Pyrgeometer (2x) | CGR4, Kipp & Zonen (Delft, NL) | Downward TIR irradiance | 5 Wm–2 | Net TIR irradiance, Fnet | 7 Wm–2 |
| Upward TIR irradiance | 5 Wm–2 | TIR heating rate, ζ | 12 K day–1 | ||
| Pyranometer (2x) | CMP3, Kipp & Zonen | Downward solar irradiance | 2% | ||
| Upward solar irradiance | 2% (below cloud), | ||||
| 5% (above cloud) | |||||
| Cubic Aerosol Measurement Platform, CAMP | |||||
| Condensation particle counter | CPC 3007 (modified), TSI (Shoreview, MN, USA) | Particle number concentration, N12 nm | 5% | Particle number concentration, N12−150 nm | 10% |
| Condensation particle counter | CPC 3007 (modified), TSI | Particle number concentration, N>150 nm | 5% | ||
| Optical particle size spectrometer | POPS, Handix (Fort Collins, CO, USA) | Particle number size distribution, DP = 0.15–2.9 μm | 5% | ||
| Video Ice Particle Sampler, VIPS | |||||
| Video microscope | Liquid water and/or ice | 10 m | Cloud flag | 10 m | |
| Cloudnet | |||||
| Microwave radiometer | Hatpro, RPG (Meckenheim, DE) | Liquid water path, LWP | 20 g m−2 | ||
| + Cloud radar | KAZR, ProSensing (Amherst, MA, USA) | Ice water path, IWP | 40% | ||
| Ice water content, IWC | −30% to +40% | ||||
| + Lidar | PollyXT, TROPOS (Leipzig, Germany) | Liquid water content, LWC | 15%–25% | ||
TIR = thermal-infrared radiation.