University of California Press

Table 1.

Summary of literature containing hydrogen-natural gas nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions data used in this work. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00114.t1

Data Set	Authors	Year of Publication	Title	Data Location	Combustion Type	Burner End Use	Range of H₂ (%)	φ^a (Fuel to Air Ratio)	NO_x With Increasing H₂
1	M. S. Cellek and A. Pinarbasi	2018	Investigations on performance and emission characteristics of an industrial low swirl burner while burning natural gas, methane, hydrogen-enriched natural gas, and hydrogen as fuels	Fig. 12a	N/A	Research	0–100 (mass)	0.833	Increase
2	M. K. Buyukakin and S. Oztuna	2020	Numerical investigation on hydrogen-enriched methane combustion in a domestic back-pressure boiler and nonpremixed burner system from flame structure and pollutants aspect	Fig. 9	Nonpremixed	Domestic boiler	0–75 (mass)	0.833	Increase
3	S. Choudhury, V. McDonell, and S. Samuelsen	2020	Combustion performance of low-NO_x and conventional water heaters operated on hydrogen enriched gas	Fig. 7b ^b	Partially premixed	Water storage heater	0–30 (vol.)	>1	Negligible
4	Y. Zhao, V. McDonell, and S. Samuelsen	2019b	Experimental assessment of the combustion performance of an oven burner operated on pipeline natural gas mixed with hydrogen	Fig. 12a ^b	Partially premixed	Oven burner	0–25 (vol.)	1.55–1.4	Negligible
5	Y. Zhao, V. McDonell, and S. Samuelsen	2019a	Influence of hydrogen addition to pipeline natural gas on the combustion performance of a cooktop burner	Fig. 12a	Premixed	Cooktop burner	0–50 (vol.)	2–1.5	Decrease
6	S. A. A. El-Ghafour, A. H. E. El-dein, and A. A. R. Aref	2010	Combustion characteristics of natural gas-hydrogen hybrid fuel turbulent diffusion flame	Fig. 5 ^c	Nonpremixed	Research	0–50 (vol.)	N/A	Increase
7	F. Cozzi and A. Coghe	2006	Behavior of hydrogen-enriched nonpremixed swirled natural gas flames	Fig. 9	Nonpremixed	Research	0–100 (vol.)	0.71-0.17	Increase
8a	P. Rajpara, R. Shah, and J. Banerjee	2018	Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of methane fueled upward swirl can combustor	Fig. 12a	N/A	Research	0–10 (mass)	0.3	Increase
8b	P. Rajpara, R. Shah, and J. Banerjee	2018	Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of methane fueled upward swirl can combustor	Fig. 12b	N/A	Research	0–80 (vol.)	0.345–0.14	Increase
9	F. H. V. Coppens, J. De Ruyck, and A. A. Konnov	2007	Effects of hydrogen enrichment on adiabatic burning velocity and NO formation in methane + air flames	Fig. 6	N/A	Research	0–35 (mol.)	1.25	Decrease
10	H. S. Kim, V. K. Arghode, and A. K. Gupta	2009	Flame characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air premixed swirling flames	Fig. 9e ^d	Premixed	Research	0–9 (mass)	0.717–0.694	Increase
11a	P. Nitschke-Kowsky and W. Wessing	2012	Impact of hydrogen admixture in installed gas appliances	Fig. 10	Premixed	Domestic boiler	0–30 (vol.)	N/A	Decrease
11b	P. Nitschke-Kowsky and W. Wessing	2012	Impact of hydrogen admixture in installed gas appliances	Fig. 11	Premixed	Domestic boiler	0–30 (vol.)	N/A	Decrease
12	M. J. Kippers, J. C. De Laat, R. J. M. Hermkens, J. J. Overdiep, A. van der Molen, W. C. van Erp, and A. van der Meer	2011	Pilot project on hydrogen injection in natural gas on island Ameland in the Netherlands	Fig. 9	Condensing boiler	Domestic boiler	0–20 (vol.)	N/A	Decrease
13	M. Ilbas, I. Yilmaz, N. Vesiroglu, and Y. Kaplan	2005	Hydrogen as burner fuel: modeling of hydrogen–hydrocarbon composite fuel combustion and NO_x formation in a small burner	Table III	Nonpremixed	Research	0–100 (vol.)	≍1	Increase
14	S. Naha and S. K. Aggarwal	2004	Fuel effects on NO_x emissions in partially premixed flames	Fig. 12	Partially premixed	Research	0–90 (vol.)	N/A	Negligible

Data Set	Authors	Year of Publication	Title	Data Location	Combustion Type	Burner End Use	Range of H₂ (%)	φ^a (Fuel to Air Ratio)	NO_x With Increasing H₂
1	M. S. Cellek and A. Pinarbasi	2018	Investigations on performance and emission characteristics of an industrial low swirl burner while burning natural gas, methane, hydrogen-enriched natural gas, and hydrogen as fuels	Fig. 12a	N/A	Research	0–100 (mass)	0.833	Increase
2	M. K. Buyukakin and S. Oztuna	2020	Numerical investigation on hydrogen-enriched methane combustion in a domestic back-pressure boiler and nonpremixed burner system from flame structure and pollutants aspect	Fig. 9	Nonpremixed	Domestic boiler	0–75 (mass)	0.833	Increase
3	S. Choudhury, V. McDonell, and S. Samuelsen	2020	Combustion performance of low-NO_x and conventional water heaters operated on hydrogen enriched gas	Fig. 7b ^b	Partially premixed	Water storage heater	0–30 (vol.)	>1	Negligible
4	Y. Zhao, V. McDonell, and S. Samuelsen	2019b	Experimental assessment of the combustion performance of an oven burner operated on pipeline natural gas mixed with hydrogen	Fig. 12a ^b	Partially premixed	Oven burner	0–25 (vol.)	1.55–1.4	Negligible
5	Y. Zhao, V. McDonell, and S. Samuelsen	2019a	Influence of hydrogen addition to pipeline natural gas on the combustion performance of a cooktop burner	Fig. 12a	Premixed	Cooktop burner	0–50 (vol.)	2–1.5	Decrease
6	S. A. A. El-Ghafour, A. H. E. El-dein, and A. A. R. Aref	2010	Combustion characteristics of natural gas-hydrogen hybrid fuel turbulent diffusion flame	Fig. 5 ^c	Nonpremixed	Research	0–50 (vol.)	N/A	Increase
7	F. Cozzi and A. Coghe	2006	Behavior of hydrogen-enriched nonpremixed swirled natural gas flames	Fig. 9	Nonpremixed	Research	0–100 (vol.)	0.71-0.17	Increase
8a	P. Rajpara, R. Shah, and J. Banerjee	2018	Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of methane fueled upward swirl can combustor	Fig. 12a	N/A	Research	0–10 (mass)	0.3	Increase
8b	P. Rajpara, R. Shah, and J. Banerjee	2018	Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission characteristics of methane fueled upward swirl can combustor	Fig. 12b	N/A	Research	0–80 (vol.)	0.345–0.14	Increase
9	F. H. V. Coppens, J. De Ruyck, and A. A. Konnov	2007	Effects of hydrogen enrichment on adiabatic burning velocity and NO formation in methane + air flames	Fig. 6	N/A	Research	0–35 (mol.)	1.25	Decrease
10	H. S. Kim, V. K. Arghode, and A. K. Gupta	2009	Flame characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane–air premixed swirling flames	Fig. 9e ^d	Premixed	Research	0–9 (mass)	0.717–0.694	Increase
11a	P. Nitschke-Kowsky and W. Wessing	2012	Impact of hydrogen admixture in installed gas appliances	Fig. 10	Premixed	Domestic boiler	0–30 (vol.)	N/A	Decrease
11b	P. Nitschke-Kowsky and W. Wessing	2012	Impact of hydrogen admixture in installed gas appliances	Fig. 11	Premixed	Domestic boiler	0–30 (vol.)	N/A	Decrease
12	M. J. Kippers, J. C. De Laat, R. J. M. Hermkens, J. J. Overdiep, A. van der Molen, W. C. van Erp, and A. van der Meer	2011	Pilot project on hydrogen injection in natural gas on island Ameland in the Netherlands	Fig. 9	Condensing boiler	Domestic boiler	0–20 (vol.)	N/A	Decrease
13	M. Ilbas, I. Yilmaz, N. Vesiroglu, and Y. Kaplan	2005	Hydrogen as burner fuel: modeling of hydrogen–hydrocarbon composite fuel combustion and NO_x formation in a small burner	Table III	Nonpremixed	Research	0–100 (vol.)	≍1	Increase
14	S. Naha and S. K. Aggarwal	2004	Fuel effects on NO_x emissions in partially premixed flames	Fig. 12	Partially premixed	Research	0–90 (vol.)	N/A	Negligible

^aRanges are displayed in order of low to high hydrogen fraction.

^bCorrection to 3% O₂ has been chosen as data for use here, as this is most commonly used for stationary combustion. Authors suggest that correction to CO₂ is affected by hydrogen rich fuels and may not be a fair method here.

^cData were taken from midburner and radial distance of 7 mm (2dj), as this is where maximum NO_x emissions were measured. This is useful for considering a worst-case scenario.

^dData were taken from midswirl strength and 2.5 mm from burner exit, as this is where maximum NO_x emissions were measured. This is useful for considering a worst-case scenario.

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