Research suggests that the global passage of gender-based-violence legislation (GBVL) is linked to transnational women’s movements, alongside CEDAW ratification and regional diffusion. Unfortunately, most studies are qualitative, limiting the number of case comparisons. The few existing quantitative studies incorporate both developed and developing countries and do not focus on broad factors further contributing to faster passage of specific kinds of GBVL. Also, both qualitative and quantitative studies tend to focus on the primary decade of women’s transnational activism, the 1990s. Using event history models, we build on the world society literature by exploring the effects of norm cascades and women’s movements on the passage of two types of GBVL (protections and criminalization) in two time periods (1980–2003 and 1980–2015) and across three tiers of developing countries (upper-middle income, lower-middle income, and low income). We find strong support that CEDAW and regional diffusion of GBVL facilitate policy adoption and limited support that women’s movements do so. While the effects of regional diffusion are robust across laws, time periods, and income levels, the effects of CEDAW vary by position in the global economy, and the effects of women’s movement are significant only in CEDAW-ratifying countries for protections legislation during the full time period.
Adopting Gender-Based-Violence Legislation, 1980–2015: The Role of Norm Cascades, Women’s Movements, and Level of Development Available to Purchase
Kimberly Seida is a Senior Research Officer at Egale Canada and a PhD candidate in Sociology at McGill University. Kim is a qualitative researcher, and she has expertise in qualitative research methodologies (e.g., grounded theory, narrative research); critical media studies; and the sociology of health, illness, and medicine. Her dissertation explores the healthcare experiences, resilience strategies, and community-building efforts of sexual minority women in Canada. At Egale Canada, she leads projects on 2SLGBTQI training for service providers; healthcare access for sexual and gender minorities; and gender-based-violence prevention efforts with 2SLGBTQI youth. More broadly, her research and advocacy interests include gender-based violence, housing and homelessness, equitable mental healthcare, and plurisexual community-building.
Candice Shaw is Executive Director of the Ending Sexual Violence Association of Canada, bringing with her a deep commitment to advancing gender justice and intersectional advocacy. Previously, Candice served as the Executive Director of the Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre and, prior to that, was the Director for Violence Prevention & MMIWG2S+ at the Native Women’s Association of Canada. There, she contributed to the National Action Plan for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People and the Gender-Based Violence National Action Plan. Candice is also a doctoral candidate in Sociology at McGill University. Throughout her career, Candice’s work centers lived experience of those most impacted by systemic inequality and fosters collaborative partnerships to advance gender justice, Indigenous rights, and reconciliation.
Jessica Kim is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh. Global and transnational in scope, her research lies at the intersection of political sociology and international development, with a focus on global norms and attitudes. Combining global and transnational perspectives with advanced quantitative methods, she examines the ways in which global forces influence national policies, practices, and opinions relating to a variety of topics, including women’s rights, democracy, and climate change.
Sam Shirazi is a Data Analyst at the College of Charleston. In his spare time he explores questions related to globalization, economic development, international migration, and quantitative methodology.
Kathleen M. Fallon is Professor of Sociology at Stony Brook University. Her interests lie within political sociology, international development, and gender studies. She focuses on women’s social movements, women’s rights, women’s health, and democracy in Ghana and in sub-Saharan Africa, and across developing countries more broadly.
Kimberly Seida, Candice Shaw, Jessica Kim, Sam Shirazi, Kathleen M. Fallon; Adopting Gender-Based-Violence Legislation, 1980–2015: The Role of Norm Cascades, Women’s Movements, and Level of Development. Sociology of Development 2025; doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2025.2607832
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