Figure 1. Map of Constantinople showing regions discussed in Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae (after Kate Ward, 2018): ( a ) Harbor of Julian (“The New Port” in Notitia Urbis ); ( b ) The Great Palace; ( c ) assumed location of the amphitheater (see Berger, “Regionen und Straßen,” 359, and Ma... More about this image found in Map of Constantinople showing regions discussed in Notitia Urbis Constanti...

Figure 2. Map of modern Ravenna and Classe with the late antique city of Ravenna and town of Classe overlaid. Red lines represent the paths of the walls, and the light blue overlay indicates the Adriatic shoreline and waterways of the fifth century. After A. Fiorini; from Augenti and Cirelli “Subu... More about this image found in Map of modern Ravenna and Classe with the late antique city of Ravenna and ...

Figure 3. The line of the circuit wall of Ravenna in the fifth century (after Christie and Gibson, “The City Walls of Ravenna,” Figure 1 ). More about this image found in The line of the circuit wall of Ravenna in the fifth century (after Christi...

Figure 4. Mosaic depiction of Classe from Sant’Apollinare Nuovo. Image by J. Riley Snyder, 2010. More about this image found in Mosaic depiction of Classe from Sant’Apollinare Nuovo. Image by J. Riley Sn...

Figure 5. Brick masonry from the southwestern section of Ravenna’s circuit wall. Notice the difference in brick size from the lower, middle, and upper portions of the wall, as well as the use of headers and stretchers in the middle section. Image by J. Riley Snyder, 2014. More about this image found in Brick masonry from the southwestern section of Ravenna’s circuit wall. Noti...

Figure 6. Map of the lines of the water supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall in Thrace. Image by R. Bayliss; from Crow et al., Water Supply , 11. More about this image found in Map of the lines of the water supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall ...

Figure 7. Fifth-century aqueduct bridge of Kurşunlugerme. Image by J. Riley Snyder, 2008. More about this image found in Fifth-century aqueduct bridge of Kurşunlugerme. Image by J. Riley Snyder, 2...

Figure 8. Thin-section micrograph of mortar from Kumarlıdere Bridge with many large orange fragments of ceramic aggregate and finely crushed ceramic material. The scale of the micrograph is 1.0 mm by 1.3 mm. Image by J. Riley Snyder, 2009. More about this image found in Thin-section micrograph of mortar from Kumarlıdere Bridge with many large o...

Figure 9. The Fildamı Cistern from the southwest. Image by Simon Smith, 2014. More about this image found in The Fildamı Cistern from the southwest. Image by Simon Smith, 2014.

Figure 10. An example of opus vittatum architecture from the Fildamı open-air cistern in Hebdomon (modern Bakirköy, Istanbul). Image by J. Riley Snyder, 2015. More about this image found in An example of opus vittatum architecture from the Fildamı open-air cister...

Figure 1. View of the interior of San Vitale, Ravenna, ca. 540–48 CE Photo by A. B. Kidd. More about this image found in View of the interior of San Vitale, Ravenna, ca. 540–48 CE Photo by A. B. K...

Figure 2. Ionic impost capitals from the Church of St. John, Ephesus, ca. 525–65 CE: left , positioned in the nave, probably carved by sculptors from either Constantinopolitan or Aegean workshops; right , positioned in the crossarms, probably carved by local sculptors. Photo by A. B. Kidd. More about this image found in Ionic impost capitals from the Church of St. John, Ephesus, ca. 525–65 CE: ...

Figure 3. Average heights (in centimeters) of newly carved column shafts documented in late antique buildings, shipwrecks, and abandoned blocks at quarries, sorted by location, colonnade within the building (if applicable), and type of stone. Constant line positioned at 350 centimeters. Figure by ... More about this image found in Average heights (in centimeters) of newly carved column shafts documented i...

Figure 4. The proportional relationship between the total height of the columnar order and the height of the column shaft (in RF). Figure by A. B. Kidd. More about this image found in The proportional relationship between the total height of the columnar orde...

Figure 5. Calculations of investment in the production of monolithic column shafts (height in RF) based on, left , investment (in denarii ), adapted from Barresi 2018, and, right , investment (in person hours), adapted from Russell and Leidwanger 2020. More about this image found in Calculations of investment in the production of monolithic column shafts (h...

Figure 6. Evidence of toolmarks left unpolished: left , flat chisel marks on a Corinthian capital from Sant’Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, ca. 493–526 CE; right , tooth chisel marks on a pedestal base from Tetrapylon Street, Aphrodisias, late fifth/early sixth century CE. Photos by A. B. Kidd. More about this image found in Evidence of toolmarks left unpolished: left , flat chisel marks on a Corin...

Figure 7. Map showing the distribution of newly carved column shafts documented in late antique buildings and shipwrecks, sorted by provenance of stones from imported (blue) or local (red) sources. Figure by A. B. Kidd. More about this image found in Map showing the distribution of newly carved column shafts documented in la...