Figure 1. The Legislative Building, a seat of the commonwealth government, after being shelled by the U.S. Army’s 37th Infantry Division. Source : American Historical Collection, Ateneo de Manila. More

Figure 1. Some of the emerging tropes regarding the Comic Indian can be seen in this illustration, where a Native man is depicted drinking contentedly shortly before he plunges to his death. Source: Seba Smith, My Thirty Years Out of the Senate (New York: Oaksmith & Company, 1859), 314. More

Figure 2. By the 1870s, Native Americans were routinely drawn in ways to amuse white readers, as seen in this frontispiece to a collection of humorous short stories. Source: Charles B. Lewis, “Quad’s Odds;” By “M. Quad, The Detroit Free Press Man” (Detroit: R.D.S. Tyler & Company, 1875), i... More

Figure 3. One of the more popular humorists of the nineteenth century, Bill Nye frequently advocated for genocide by relying upon the stock figure of the Comic Indian. Source: Edgar Wilson Nye, Bill Nye’s History of the United States (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1894), 317. More

Figure 4. Using the Comic Indian enabled humorists to joke about committing individual acts of violence, as seen here in Josh Billings’s attempt to derive humor from his decapitation of a Native man. Source: Henry Wheeler Shaw, Everybody’s Friend, Or; Josh Billing’s Encyclopedia and Proverbial ... More

Figure 5. Like many nineteenth-century humorists, Bill Nye lambasted James Fenimore Cooper, mocked Indigenous men, and anticipated the ultimate extinction of Native Americans. Source: Edgar Wilson Nye, Bill Nye’s History of the United States (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1894), 319. More

Figure 1. Map of the Childs-Irving Hydroelectrical Project. Source : image 138514, NAU.MAP.1295, courtesy of Cline Library, Northern Arizona University. More

Figure 2. Fossil Creek after the dam and flume decommissioning in the early 2000s. Source : Coconino National Forest Photography, U.S. Forest Service, CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication. More

Figure 3. A bridge carrying the flume of the Childs-Irving Hydroelectrical Project near Stehr Lake. Source : MS-2 -1.4 -1.022, photo courtesy of the Sharlott Hall Museum. More

Figure 4. The spillway of the Childs Power Plant with three generators running full load. A small reservoir impounding Fossil Creek known as Stehr Lake fed the plant and was a fishing spot for area anglers pursuing non-native species such as bass and catfish. Source : MS-2 -1.4 -1.066, photo cour... More

Figure 5. Fossil Springs Dam, part of the Childs-Irving Hydroelectrical Project. Source : MS-2 -1.4 -1.008, photo courtesy of the Sharlott Hall Museum. More