... to identify correct search protocols under Gant’s evidence prong. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2021 by The Regents of the University of California 2021 vehicle searches Fourth Amendment police searches search incident to arrest police training POLICE OFFICERS KNOWLEDGE...

... to stop punishing homelessness and instead to start solving it. © 2019 by The Regents of the University of California 2019 homeless constitutional law human rights poverty ordinances begging camping First Amendment Fourth Amendment Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment stigma...

... to a person was a Fourth Amendment search, notwithstanding the ostensibly civil character of the surveillance. Grady left open the question whether the search—and the state’s technological monitoring program more generally—was constitutionally reasonable. This Essay considers the doctrine and theory of Fourth...

...Christopher Totten; James Purdon The United States Supreme Court in 2012 in United States v. Jones changed the legal test for what constitutes a police search under the Fourth Amendment. After Jones , a search occurs when: (1) an individual’s privacy rights are violated ( “Katz” test); and/or (2...

...Palma Paciocco The perp walk is the practice, common among some American law enforcement agencies, of “walking” a criminal suspect before the press to be filmed. Perp walks have been challenged under the Fourth Amendment as unreasonable seizures of the person, but with limited success. This article...

...Christopher Totten; Sutham Cobkit (Cheurprakobkit) The exclusionary rule in the Fourth Amendment knock-and-announce context has been challenged by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hudson v. Michigan . After Hudson , even if police fail to knock and announce prior to entering a person's home to search, any...