... of Conquest of Granada took issue with Irving’s literariness and accused him of perpetrating a hoax. To nineteenth-century observers, this controversy demonstrated the dangers that literariness posed to history and affirmed the need to separate these two modes. The public response to Irving’s A History...

...Christiane Schwab Christiane Schwab, “Sailors, Book Hawkers, and Bricklayer’s Laborers: Social Types and the Production of Social Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century Periodical Literature” (pp. 403–426) This essay explores how the modern obsession with systems of human classification manifested...

...Prentiss Clark Prentiss Clark, “‘Pulse for Pulse in Harmony with the Universal Whole’: Hearing ‘Self-Reliance’ Anew” (pp. 319–341) This essay recounts how Ralph Waldo Emerson, the nineteenth-century thinker perhaps most associated with individualism, is equally, and perhaps necessarily, a student...