... and fall of the collective farm system, the role of the military as an avenue of social mobility, Vietnam’s wars with Cambodia and China during the 1970s and ’80s, the liberalization of Vietnamese journalism during the 1990s, the spread of Renovation-era corruption, the dynamics of state censorship...

...Richard Quang-Anh Tran This article traces the meaning of same-sex sexuality in Vietnamese-language popular sources from the Renovation period to the early years of the millennium to argue that one dominant meaning prevailed: the idea that homosexual identity is synonymous with gender-crossing...