Figure 1 Shin Takamatsu, Ark , 1981–1983 (courtesy Thomas Daniell). More

Figure 2 Shin Takamatsu, Origin I , 1980–1981 (courtesy Thomas Daniell). More

Figure 1 Sigfried Giedion (left), Helena Syrkus (center), and Le Corbusier (right, foreground) on the SS Patris II , site of CIAM IV, 1933 (photo by Karl Hubacher; GTA Archives/ETH Zurich). More

Figure 1 Parish church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England, tower ca. 1390–1430, nave, chancel, and aisles ca. 1440–65, midrestoration view looking northwest, photo ca. 1900 (Edward A. Tillett, Norwich Scrapbooks , vol. 24 [ca. 1900], fol. 7r, Norfolk Heritage Centre, Norwich). More

Figure 2 Parish church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England, ca. 1440–65, interior view looking east (author's photo). More

Figure 3 Parish church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England, ca. 1440–65, plan, with reconstruction of destroyed liturgical screenwork indicated by solid lines 1–5 (David King, The Medieval Stained Glass of St Peter Mancroft, Norwich [Oxford: British Academy, 2006], xxvii; author's reconstruc... More

Figure 4 Parish church of All Saints, Shillington, Bedfordshire, England, nave, chancel, and aisles ca. 1300–50, interior view from the south chancel looking northwest through the chancel arch (© Historic England). More

Figure 5 Parish church of All Saints, Shillington, Bedfordshire, England, nave, chancel, and aisles ca. 1300–50, plan (G. H. Cook, The English Mediaeval Parish Church [London: Phoenix House, 1954], 102). More

Figure 6 Parish church of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, England, nave, transept, and choir ca. 1350–1400, interior view from the north nave aisle looking southeast toward the south transept arm (© Historic England). More

Figure 7 Parish church of St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol, England, nave, transept, and choir ca. 1350–1400, plan (G. H. Cook, The English Mediaeval Parish Church [London: Phoenix House, 1954], 118). More

Figure 8 Former chapel of ease (now minster church) of the Holy Trinity, Kingston-upon-Hull, England, transept ca. 1300–20, choir ca. 1340–70, nave ca. 1380–1420, tower ca. 1490–1520, view of the choir and south transept looking northwest toward the crossing tower (photo by Richard Locket, with al... More

Figure 9 Parish church of St. Margaret, Lowestoft, Suffolk, England, ca. 1420–50, interior view looking east (author's photo). More

Figure 10 Parish church of St. Olaf, Poughill, Cornwall, England, ca. 1350–1400 and ca. 1450–1500, interior view looking east (author's photo). More

Figure 11 Le Corbusier, illustration of the free plan, 1926, showing the characteristically independent arrangement of supports and partitions (Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret, “Les 5 points d'une architecture nouvelle,” in Oeuvre complète , vol. 1, ed. Willy Boesiger and Oscar Stonorov [Zurich... More

Figure 12 Parish church of St. Mary, Totnes, Devon, England, ca. 1400–50, interior view looking east and plan (author's photo and drawing). More

Figure 13 Former chapel of ease (now parish church) of St. Edmund, Southwold, Suffolk, England, ca. 1430–60, interior view looking east and plan (author's photo and drawing). More

Figure 14 Hypothetical reconstruction of the pre-1440 layout of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England (author's drawing). More

Figure 15 Reconstruction of the three major phases of the rebuilding of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England: A, ca. 1440–45; B, ca. 1445–50; C, ca. 1450–65 (author's drawings). More

Figure 16 Parish church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England, ca. 1440–65, north chancel chapel, east window, north shaft base (author's photo). More

Figure 17 Parish church of St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, England, ca. 1440–65, south chancel chapel, east window, south shaft base (author's photo). More