Figure 1. Mister D. Społeczeństwo jest miemiłe cover art (2014). More

Figure 2. Street scene from the music video for Mister D.’s “Chleb” (2014). More

Figure 3. Collaged setting from the music video for Mister D.’s “Chleb” (2014). More

Figure 4. Fantasy vs. reality from the music video for Mister D’s “Chleb” (2014). More

Figure 5. Michał Piróg dances in the video for Mister D.’s “Tęcza” (2014). More

Example 1. Beat-upbeat ratio (BUR) and swing percentage for a triplet subdivision, where the first duration is interpreted as twice as long as the second. The BUR is 2 because the onbeat subdivision is twice as long as the upbeat subdivision that follows it, thus occupying two thirds, or 66.67% of... More

Example 2. Two excerpts of LL Cool J’s verse from “Flava in Ya Ear” (Craig Mack et al., 1994). Swing measurements are shown as BURs and percentages. Underlines indicate lexical stresses in multisyllabic lyrics. Pitch frequencies correspond to the syllable directly below them. The frequencies shown... More

Example 3. Two excerpts from “Gz and Hustlas” (Snoop Dogg, 1993). The top excerpt outlines the basic four-measure loop of the song’s beat, highlighting the swung timing at the sixteenth-note level. Though the BUR values here are notated next to the drum part, they characterize both the drum and pi... More

Example 4. Excerpt from the first verse of “212” (Azealia Banks, 2012). The BUR indicated below the staff models the duration of the on-beat kick drum and the snare hit on the fourth sixteenth. If these attacks were quantized as written, the BUR would be 3. Its value above 4 indicates that the sna... More

Example 5. Lag timing of line-initiating syllables in the first verse of “Come Back Baby” (Pusha T, 2018). The first syllable of each line of lyrics sounds against a snare backbeat on beats two and four of each measure. More

Example 6. Excerpt from Snoop Dogg’s verse in “Pain” (De La Soul, 2016). Syllables boxed in red are graphically lagged according to their measured lag timings, which appear below the staff. More

Example 7. Excerpt from “Ladies First” (Queen Latifah, 2016). More

Example 8. Conversational flow timing spectrum. More

Example 9. The first four phrases (0:49–1:01) of the first verse of “Stan” (Eminem, 2000). The vertical (y) axis represents the duration of each syllable in the order that Eminem raps them. Where there is an audible space between Eminem’s lyrics, it is indicated as such. More

Figure 1. Lawrence Welk on the set of The Lawrence Welk Show in 1957. (Allan Grant/The LIFE Picture Collection/Shutterstock) More

Figure 2. Welk dances with Tanya Falan as the orchestra plays under the grand Geritol sign. (ABC Photo Archives/Walt Disney Television/Getty Images) More

Figure 3. Champagne Lady Norma Zimmer. (ABC Photo Archives/Walt Disney Television/Getty Images) More