Figure 1. Aero-chemical attack was also a popular theme for the visual arts, although the invisibility of gas particularly lent itself to literary description. Above is a 1939 ink sketch from Max Busyn entitled Bombing accompanied by death . The street scene was a particularly common composition ... More

Figure 2. A photograph from an air raid drill in Bremen in June 1931. From page 152 of a 1933 Dräger gas mask company gas protection manual. Source: Dräger Gasschutz Im Luftschutz: Individual-Gasschutz Kollektiv-Gasschutz; Charakter Des Chemischen Krieges Chemische Kampfstoffe; Organisation Des... More

Figure 3. A photograph of the atomic bomb’s mushroom cloud over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The image both presents the bomb as the ultimate explosive device and encourages the viewer to wonder at the powers of modern physics from the safe perspective of the bomber plane. Source: Charles Levy, ... More

Figure 4. A contrasting ground-level image from Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The atomic cloud bears close resemblance to the kind of poison gas clouds that interwar writers imagined. Source: Hiromichi Matsuda, Atomic Cloud over Nagasaki from Koyagi-jima , August 9, 1945. More

Figure 1. The first published photograph of the aurora taken by Brendel on February 1, 1892, in Alexander McAdie, “What Is an Aurora?,” The Century Magazine (1897): 874. More

Figure 2. “Carl Størmer Photographs the Northern Lights,” at home in the garden at Huk Aveny, Bygdøy, Nasjonalbiblioteket , Norway. More

Figure 3. One of the first noctilucent cloud photographs taken by Jesse on July 2, 1889, in Wilfred Schöder, “Otto Jesse and the Investigation of Noctilucent Clouds 115 Years Ago,” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (2001): 2469. More

Figure 4. Example of an HA-type of aurora: a homogenous arc without ray structure. Taken by Størmer in Oslo on the night of December 13, 1927. Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms , 6. Reprinted with permission of the IUGG. More

Figure 5. Example of an RB-type of aurora: bands with ray structure. Taken by Størmer at Bossekop on the night of March 3, 1910. Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms , 12. Reprinted with permission of the IUGG. More

Figure 6. Example of a G-type of aurora: feeble glow. Taken by Størmer at Bossekop on the night of March 14, 1913. Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms , 10. Reprinted with permission of the IUGG. More

Figure 7. Example of a C-type aurora: corona. Taken by Størmer at Bygdo on the night of March 22, 1920, near the magnetic zenith. Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms , 18. Reprinted with permission of the IUGG. More

Figure 8. One of the Krogness cameras that accompanied the British Fort Rae Expedition, 1932–1933. Scott Polar Fort Rae Picture Library Collection : P82/28/06: Auroral Camera (rear view). reprinted with permission of The Scott Polar Research Institute. More

Figure 9. Format of auroral photographs within the Atlas in a grid system of six. Photographic Atlas of Auroral Forms , 9. Reprinted with permission of the IUGG. More

Figure 10. “Expedition Member Equipped for a Cold Spell of Auroral Photography,” Fort Rae. Scott Polar Fort Rae Picture Library Collection : P82/28/08. Reprinted with permission of The Scott Polar Research Institute. More

Figure 11. Fort Rae, P.A. Shephard at the Auroral Camera Shelter, 1931–1932. University of Aberdeen Archive, MS. 3152/26/3, Krogness auroral photographs. Reprinted with permission of the University of Aberdeen Archives. More

Figure 12. Scott Polar Fort Rae Picture Library Collection: P82/28/09: Plate of six auroral photographs. Reprinted with permission of The Scott Polar Research Institute. More