Figure 1. The Four I’s of Oppression . Photo by Authors. More about this image found in The Four I’s of Oppression . Photo by Authors.

Figure 1. US Census showing Italian workers as “Black.” It seems that they were initially designated “White,” but somebody later revised their racial status and overwrote it with “B.” Humboldt County, Nevada, 1900. More about this image found in US Census showing Italian workers as “Black.” It seems that they were initi...

Figure 2. US Census showing one Italian family and one Italian couple as “Other Race.” Jackson County, Louisiana, 1910 More about this image found in US Census showing one Italian family and one Italian couple as “Other Race....

Figure 3. Marriage License Record for Carl Ray and Clara Pizzitola. Ensley, Jefferson County, Alabama, 1947. More about this image found in Marriage License Record for Carl Ray and Clara Pizzitola. Ensley, Jefferson...

Figure 4. The 1950 Census showing Carl E. and Clara Ray, their son Carl E., Jr., Clara’s mother Ignazia “Nancy” Pizzitola, and Clara’s brother Jake A. Pitts. “Pitts” has been legally changed from “Pizzitola,” and Clara’s original first name had been “Carmela.” More about this image found in The 1950 Census showing Carl E. and Clara Ray, their son Carl E., Jr., Clar...

Figure 5. 1940 Census showing Tony and Grace Locoocho with their daughter Rosa as “White.” More about this image found in 1940 Census showing Tony and Grace Locoocho with their daughter Rosa as “Wh...

Figure 6. 1950 Census showing Tony and Grace Locoocho, two Italian natives, as “Negro.” The entry has been later corrected to “White.” More about this image found in 1950 Census showing Tony and Grace Locoocho, two Italian natives, as “Negro...

Figure 7. 1920 Census showing the Saplina family as “Mulatto.” Mobile, Alabama. More about this image found in 1920 Census showing the Saplina family as “Mulatto.” Mobile, Alabama.

Figure 8. 1910 Census showing Sicilian family as “Black.” Jefferson County, Alabama. More about this image found in 1910 Census showing Sicilian family as “Black.” Jefferson County, Alabama.

Figure 9. 1880 Census showing Italian-born Charley Demarigi as “Black.” Jefferson County, Louisiana More about this image found in 1880 Census showing Italian-born Charley Demarigi as “Black.” Jefferson Cou...