..., distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Sea ice Mass balance Heat fluxes There has been a dramatic reduction in Arctic sea ice in recent decades. Ice extent has been decreasing in all...

... in this area are characterized by large seasonal contrasts between partial sea-ice cover in winter and spring versus predominantly open water in summer and autumn. Observations over recent decades show that surface air and ocean temperatures have increased, sea-ice extent has decreased, ocean stratification...

... Polar oceans and sea ice cover 15% of the Earth’s ocean surface, and the environment is changing rapidly at both poles. Improving knowledge on the interactions between the atmospheric and oceanic realms in the polar regions, a Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project key focus, is essential...

...Hannah M. Dawson; Katherine R. Heal; Angela K. Boysen; Laura T. Carlson; Anitra E. Ingalls; Jodi N. Young Table 2. Absolute Intracellular Concentrations of Selected Metabolites in the Nitzschia lecointei Culture Grown at −1°C and Salinity 32 and the Utqiaġvik, AK Bottom Sea-Ice Sections...

...). Macroalgal biomass and diversity are known to be dramatically lower in the southern WAP and at similar latitudes around Antarctica, but few reports detail the distributions of macroalgae or associated macroinvertebrates in the central WAP. We used satellite imagery to identify 14 sites differing in sea ice...

...) was deployed over the sea ice in the central Arctic Ocean during summer 2020. Albedo measurements were obtained with stabilized pyranometers, and melt pond fraction was calculated from orthomosaic imagery from a surface-imaging multispectral camera. This study analyzed HELiX flight data to provide insights...

... late summer in the central Arctic. At the beginning of the 4-week survey period, a meltwater layer occupied the surface 0.8 m of the lead, and temperature and salinity showed strong vertical gradients. Stable oxygen isotopes indicate that the meltwater consisted mainly of sea ice meltwater rather than...

...Nicolas-Xavier Geilfus; Bruno Delille; Jean-Louis Tison; Marcos Lemes; Søren Rysgaard Sea ice is an active component of the Earth’s climate system, interacting with both the atmosphere and the ocean. Arctic sea ice is commonly covered by melt ponds during late spring and summer, strongly affecting...

...Amy R. Macfarlane; Ruzica Dadic; Madison M. Smith; Bonnie Light; Marcel Nicolaus; Hannula Henna-Reetta; Melinda Webster; Felix Linhardt; Stefan Hämmerle; Martin Schneebeli The microstructure of the uppermost portions of a melting Arctic sea ice cover has a disproportionately large influence on how...

... Ulfsbo; Chris Marsay; Melinda A. Webster; Sönke Maus; Knut V. Høyland; Mats A. Granskog Low-salinity meltwater from Arctic sea ice and its snow cover accumulates and creates under-ice meltwater layers below sea ice. These meltwater layers can result in the formation of new ice layers, or false bottoms...

... work has suggested that ligands may also bind Fe within sea ice, although supporting data are limited. This study investigates distribution, concentration, and potential drivers of Fe-binding ligands in Antarctic sea ice, considering the ice type, location and season. Results suggest...

..., the snow at MOSAiC was thin (mean depths of approximately 0.1–0.3 m), while the sea ice was relatively thick first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI). SYI was of two distinct types: relatively thin level ice formed from surfaces with extensive melt pond cover, and relatively thick deformed ice...

... in the surface radiative energy budget over Arctic sea ice in the ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis by comparing against the winter MOSAiC campaign data, as well as, a pan-Arctic level-2 MODIS ice surface temperature remote sensing product. We find that ERA5 can simulate the timing of radiatively clear periods...

...E. J. Chamberlain; J. P. Balmonte; A. Torstensson; A. A. Fong; P. Snoeijs-Leijonmalm; J. S. Bowman Microorganisms play critical roles in sea ice biogeochemical processes. However, microbes living within sea ice can be challenging to sample for scientific study. Because most techniques for microbial...

...Carolina Gabarró; Pau Fabregat; Ferran Hernández-Macià; Roger Jove; Joaquin Salvador; Gunnar Spreen; Linda Thielke; Ruzica Dadic; Marcus Huntemann; Nikolai Kolabutin; Daiki Nomura; Henna-Reetta Hannula; Martin Schneebeli Arctic sea ice is changing rapidly. Its retreat significantly impacts Arctic...

...Stephanie M. Lim; Courtney M. Payne; Gert L. van Dijken; Kevin R. Arrigo In the Arctic Ocean, sea ice algae are responsible for a small but seasonally important pulse of primary production. Their persistence is threatened by the rapid loss of sea ice from the Arctic Ocean due to climate change...

...David Clemens-Sewall; Madison M. Smith; Marika M. Holland; Chris Polashenski; Don Perovich Vertical heat conduction through young ice is a major source of wintertime sea ice growth in the Arctic. However, field observations indicate that young ice preferentially accumulates wind-blown snow...

...Bonnie Light; Madison M. Smith; Donald K. Perovich; Melinda A. Webster; Marika M. Holland; Felix Linhardt; Ian A. Raphael; David Clemens-Sewall; Amy R. Macfarlane; Philipp Anhaus; David A. Bailey The magnitude, spectral composition, and variability of the Arctic sea ice surface albedo are key...

...Günther Heinemann; Lukas Schefczyk; Sascha Willmes; Matthew D. Shupe The ship-based experiment MOSAiC 2019/2020 was carried out during a full year in the Arctic and yielded an excellent data set to test the parameterizations of ocean/sea-ice/atmosphere interaction processes in regional climate...

...Ruibo Lei; Bin Cheng; Mario Hoppmann; Fanyi Zhang; Guangyu Zuo; Jennifer K. Hutchings; Long Lin; Musheng Lan; Hangzhou Wang; Julia Regnery; Thomas Krumpen; Jari Haapala; Benjamin Rabe; Donald K. Perovich; Marcel Nicolaus Sea ice growth and decay are critical processes in the Arctic climate system...