... of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provided unique scientific opportunities to understand the interlinked physical, chemical, and biological systems in the central Arctic Ocean at a fundamental level. The science program, shaped over nearly a decade, provides a foundation to create new and important...

...; Sandra Tippenhauer; Mats A. Granskog The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC, 2019–2020), a year-long drift with the Arctic sea ice, has provided the scientific community with an unprecedented, multidisciplinary dataset from the Eurasian Arctic Ocean, covering...

... the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Sea ice Brash ice Melting process Remineralization Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean The Chukchi Sea, located north of Bering Strait, is in an area of high primary production ( Springer and McRoy, 1993...

... the bloom and non-bloom periods, highlighting the need for detailed year-long studies and the importance of microdiversity when assessing the diversity and distribution of polar phytoplankton. The recognition of the occurrence of under-ice phytoplankton communities in the Arctic Ocean ( Arrigo et al...

... observations have gained importance in the Arctic Ocean in recent decades and bring the potential to fill many of the observational needs. The development of technologically advanced ice-tethered systems, capable of measuring and sending data while drifting with sea ice, has closed significant gaps in seasonal...

...Courtney M. Payne; Gert L. van Dijken; Kevin R. Arrigo Under-ice (UI) phytoplankton blooms have been observed in most of the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean and are often found to contribute substantially to total primary production. However, because remote sensing studies cannot directly measure...

... boundary layer water vapor and ocean water isotope data that were measured continuously in the western Arctic Ocean. Sea surface water isotopes varied between the shallower continental Chukchi Shelf and the deeper Chukchi Borderlands to the north. The Chukchi Borderlands surface waters were less saline...

.... Arctic Ocean primary production may have increased due to sea-ice loss and longer growth seasons ( Figure 2 ; Arrigo and van Dijken, 2015 ; Ardyna and Arrigo, 2020 ). Nutrient inputs from upwelling ( Lewis et al., 2020 ) and land (rivers and coastal erosion; Terhaar et al., 2021 ) also contribute...

...Evgenii Salganik; Benjamin A. Lange; Polona Itkin; Dmitry Divine; Christian Katlein; Marcel Nicolaus; Mario Hoppmann; Niklas Neckel; Robert Ricker; Knut V. Høyland; Mats A. Granskog Sea-ice ridges constitute a large fraction of the ice volume in the Arctic Ocean, yet we know little about...

... International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Sea ice mass balance Oxygen isotopes Sea ice ridge Arctic Ocean Sea ice habitat...

.../ . Lead Sea ice Meltwater Re-freezing Mixing Arctic Ocean Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has decreased in extent, and multi-year ice is being replaced by first-year ice (e.g., Stroeve et al., 2012 ; Meier et al., 2014 ; Lindsay and Schweiger, 2015 ; Kwok, 2018 ). Changes in sea ice...

... Arctic Ocean Marginal ice zone Photoprotection Photodamage Climate change is drastically altering Arctic ecosystems ( Wassmann et al., 2011 ; Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2017 ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019 ). Sea ice is declining dramatically, both...

...Stephanie M. Lim; Courtney M. Payne; Gert L. van Dijken; Kevin R. Arrigo In the Arctic Ocean, sea ice algae are responsible for a small but seasonally important pulse of primary production. Their persistence is threatened by the rapid loss of sea ice from the Arctic Ocean due to climate change...

...Vania López-García; Ryan R. Neely, III; Sandro Dahlke; Ian M. Brooks We present an annual characterization of low-level jets (LLJs) over the Arctic Ocean using wind profiles from radiosondes launched during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate expedition, from...

...://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . MOSAiC Sea ice Snow Thermodynamics Oceanic mixed layer Arctic Ocean The observed decline in Arctic sea ice strongly modifies the exchanges of energy, momentum and matter between the atmosphere and the ocean, thereby significantly affecting the Arctic climate...

..., distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Sea ice MOSAiC Arctic Ocean Freshwater During the Arctic summer, rapid melt of snow and sea ice lead to large local sources of relatively...

... Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Arctic Ocean Biomass Carbon demand Primary production Secondary...

... International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Microbial eukaryotes Arctic Ocean Hudson Bay Estuary Freshwater gradient Maximum...

... permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Arctic Ocean Atmosphere Surface Clouds Sea ice Photosynthetically available radiation Earth’s obliquity gives...

... author and source are credited. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Microbial eukaryotes Arctic Ocean Hudson Bay Estuary Freshwater gradient Maximum turbidity zone In Hudson Bay, freshwater inflows are considered a minor source of inorganic nitrogen to the coastal sea...