... Ottoman Empire Turkey Caliphate pan-Arabism sharia political Islam Islamists religion state building women's rights 31 [The] incorporation of Islam within state institutions nationalized religious authorities and teachings, giving rise to a hegemonic version of the faith. The Nationalist...

... Fawaz Gerges jihadism middle east ISIS ISIL IS Islamic State caliph caliphate Islamism islamist fundamentalism fundamentalist terrorist root orgin sectarian co-opt sharia execution al-Baghdadi near east Al Qaeda AQI Qutb jihad jihadist Syria Iraq Kurds Kurd Kurdish...

... Saudi Arabian kingdom sharia counterrevolution thermidorian thermidor shia sunni Islamism islamist salafi eastern province military gulf cooperation leadership regional 344 Saudi Arabia has emerged as the most vigorous stalwart of what can best be described as the reactionary...

... Villalón Islam Africa democracy sharia terrorism Somalia Nigeria diversity 187 [T]he effort to try to distinguish between good and bad Muslim ideologies may be much less important than the need to support functional political institutions. Between Democracy and Militancy: Islam in Africa...

...Emile Nakhleh It is imperative for the United States to engage mainstream Islamic political parties that are committed to gradual change through the ballot box. political Islam Middle East United States Hamas Hezbollah Muslims Al Qaeda sharia Barack Obama engagement 402...

... seeking greater autonomy or secession of predominantly Islamic regions. © 2002 Current History. All rights reserved. 2002 The Regents of the University of California Abu Sayyaf Indonesia Islam Middle East militant Muslim radical sharia Southeast Asia terrorism Significant...