... by The Regents of the University of California 2023 Russia ruble monetary policy autocracy sanctions history In the days following Russia’s full-scale attack on Ukraine in February 2022, perhaps nobody in Vladimir Putin’s entourage looked more anxious than the head of the Central Bank, Elvira...

... of the University of California 2023 European Union Russia energy climate change energy transition sanctions “During the crisis with Russia…the EU and its members have been implementing measures that may slow down or even reverse the energy transition in the next few years.” The European...

...Benedicte Bull; Antulio Rosales After a deterioration of democratic conditions in Venezuela, in 2017 the United States intensified its sanctions imposed on the regime of Nicolás Maduro. The sanctions failed to topple the regime, but they accelerated the transformation of the Venezuelan economy...

...Joy Gordon Recent years have seen increasing sophistication in the sanctions that do the greatest damage to critical networks or functions of a target country's economy and infrastructure. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Joy...

... Ghosn Syria civil war refugees sanctions drought Bashar al-Assad reconstruction reconciliation Turkey Lebanon Russia Iran Arab Spring 331 When the guns finally fall silent, the road to recovery in Syria will be long, bumpy, and treacherous. Post-conflict reconstruction, reparations...

... of California Bruce Cumings North Korea South Korea United States Kim Jong-un Moon Jae-in Donald Trump nuclear weapons denuclearization sanctions Korean War armistice Singapore summit PERSPECTIVE Trump, Kim, and an Uncanny Diplomatic Opening BRUCE CUMINGS 241 After he swept...

... of the University of California Samuel Greene Vladimir Putin Russia authoritarianism Kremlin Orthodox church Ukraine sanctions economy protests The verdict delivered on August 17, 2015, by Mikhail Piotrovsky, director of the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, was unambiguous: Our society...

... Sperling Vladimir Putin machismo masculinity nationalism Crimea NATO sanctions Cold War media PERSPECTIVE Since his return to the Russian presidency in 2012, Vladimir Putin has grown increasingly popular at home while his foreign policy has raised blood pressures in the capitals of NATO s...

...Marc Epprecht New anti-gay laws in Nigeria and Uganda are part of an emergent trend of scapegoating sexual minorities as a distraction from governance failures. But sanctions are not the answer. © 2014 Current History. All rights reserved. 2014 The Regents of the University of California...

... nuclear weapons economic sanctions Hassan Rouhani Ali Khamenei Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 345 Washington must have a realistic assessment of how far Rouhani can go without inciting a backlash from the conservatives at home. Is US-Iran Détente Possible? Mohsen MiLAni On September 27, 2013, Barack...

... Shaul Bakhash Iran Mahm oud Ahmadinejad Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Green Movement repression Revolutionary Guards inflation nuclear program sanctions 337 [Thirty-three] years after the revolution, Iran s ruling elite is still unable to resolve differences on policy and the country s...

... History. All rights reserved. 2004 The Regents of the University of California Libya Muammar el-Qaddafi United States Britain Ronald Reagan Lockerbie George Bush Al Qaeda United Nations sanctions 221 There was plenty of self-satisfied official comment about the efficacy of strong...