... Map © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Map Middle East ...

...Roger Southall The precarity of daily existence for so many black middle-class South Africans is heightened by dependence on political connections. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Roger Southall South Africa apartheid race...

... reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Tomasz Inglot Eastern Europe social mobility middle class inequality communism employment labor inequality populism labor migration welfare family policy Poland Hungary 96 The region has seen a radical shift from...

...Frank-Borge Wietzke Political conflicts can flare up when new, increasingly vocal lower-middle-income groups enter the political arena and when this threatens the advantaged positions of established middle classes. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University...

...Erol Balkan; Ahmet Öncü “The AKP's neoliberal regime created the ideology and conditions for transformative change in Turkey's new upper-middle-class culture, which trickled down to both the laic and Islamic middle-class factions.” Fourth in a series on social mobility around the world . © 2018...

... of California Shibley Telhami Donald Trump Middle East foreign policy Islamic State diplomacy unilateralism Jerusalem Palestinians Israel Saudi Arabia Iran nuclear agreement PERSPECTIVE Trump s Reckless Middle East Gambles SHIBLEY TELHAMI 359 In recent decades, the inevitable changes...

... Map © 2018 Current History. All rights reserved. 2018 The Regents of the University of California Middle East Map ...

...Theodore P. Gerber “The fall of the Soviet Union sparked hopes that a Russian middle class would emerge and thrive, but so far it has not.” Second in a series on social mobility around the world . © 2018 Current History. All rights reserved. 2018 The Regents of the University of California...

... mobility middle class poverty labor migration informal economy economic development communism Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong 203 In December 1978, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) formally announced its decision to leave the safe shores of economic policies based on state socialism...

...Joshua Lustig A rising middle class in Pakistan is striving to reconcile aspirations for a modern lifestyle with a desire for a deeper embrace of Islam as a guide to everyday ethics. The New Pakistani Middle Class , by Ammara Maqsood Harvard University Press , 2017 © 2018 Current...

...Jeannie Sowers The degree to which states are tolerant of local-level initiatives and mobilization will become only more important as climate impacts intensify. © 2017 Current History. All rights reserved. 2017 The Regents of the University of California Jeannie Sowers Middle East North...

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... purchased from the industrialized north. In response, many nations in the region em- barked on an ambitious program of industrializa- tion through import substitution in the middle of the twentieth century. By actively detaching themselves from the world market, they hoped to develop domestic industry...

... of California Michael Boyle Barack Obama United States foreign policy Syria Russia NATO China South China Sea Libya Islamic State al-Qaeda Middle East Iraq drones 10 Historians may well conclude that Obama glimpsed a different world for Ameri- can foreign policy but never exerted...

... Boyle Barack Obama United States foreign policy Syria Russia NATO China South China Sea Libya Islamic State al-Qaeda Middle East Iraq drones For most of the Petroleum Age, and even as recently as ten years ago, the politics of en-ergy were largely governed by the assump- tion...

... civil war Islamic State Barack Obama Russia Vladimir Putin Bashar al-Assad Turkey Libya Iraq Iran Middle East 337 The single most important external factor in the Syrian war s trajectory was the set of foreign policy beliefs Obama held well before the first shot was fired...

... Fanar Haddad Iraq borders colonialism sectarianism corruption Shia Sunni Kurds Middle East Sykes-Picot Ottoman Empire Baghdad nationalism 343 [F]ocusing on the supposed consequences of Iraq s artificial foundations diverts our attention from the real issues cumulative or immediate...

... of the University of California Ian Hartshorn Arab Spring uprisings labor trade unions Middle East North Africa Egypt Tunisia Hosni Mubarak Mohamed Morsi Muslim Brotherhood 349 Some trade unions, even in the most repressive states, attempted to organize themselves and press for greater...

... Press , 2016 © 2016 Current History. All rights reserved. 2016 The Regents of the University of California Ewan Stein book review Islamic Exceptionalism Shadi Hamid democracy Islamism Islamists Middle East liberal values Orientalism Edward Said The question of why people...

... Map © 2016 Current History. All rights reserved. 2016 The Regents of the University of California Middle East Map ...