... of the University of California 2023 Greece Italy Spain Portugal austerity COVID-19 pandemic health care labor In considering these questions, it is useful to start with some figures on what those pandemic results look like. When it comes to health outcomes, three types of measures are often...

... pandemic cities urban planning labor housing transportation On March 23, 2020, the city of Toronto declared a state of emergency as the COVID-19 pandemic precipitated sudden and dramatic changes in urban life around the world. Initially, the city became eerily quiet. Public transit ridership fell...

... through mergers and acquisitions. Underperforming banks and financial institutions had to be shut down. But the most dramatic changes happened in the labor market. © 2022 by The Regents of the University of California 2022 South Korea inequality labor real estate housing Asian financial...

... in the century exposed unsafe and unsanitary practices. But benefits and protections for workers have steadily eroded in recent decades, due to the decline of unions and rise of globalized trade and labor sourcing. The backsliding in an industry with a mostly immigrant workforce occurred largely out...

...Sherzod Eraliev; Rustamjon Urinboyev Russia has become a magnet for migrant workers from other post-Soviet countries, especially Central Asians. Although Russian business elites generally welcome this cheap labor source, the government has deferred to, and at times encouraged, xenophobic popular...

... governance corruption social policy labor 251 Western journalists routinely fall into the trap of presenting Russia as a tightly controlled society with a hands-on leader dictating from the center. In reality, howev- er, the governance provided by the Russian state is incoherent, and Russian so- ciety...

...Erin Aeran Chung [T]he government opted for piecemeal solutions that would temporarily meet domestic needs for labor while maintaining official closed-door policies. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Japan labor population...

... The Regents of the University of California Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos Germany immigration guest workers refugee crisis asylum Islam Angela Merkel employment labor integration Alternative Germany 108 The German experience shows that liberal democracies are able to develop effective...

...Tomasz Inglot “The region has seen a radical shift from widespread unemployment to labor shortages, a historic expansion in higher-education opportunities, and unprecedented mass migration to the West.” Seventh in a series on social mobility around the world . © 2019 Current History. All rights...

...Martin Ruhs New policy designs will need to have an explicit dual purpose, combining the objectives of labor migration and humanitarian protection. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Martin Ruhs refugee crisis refugees labor...

...Chris Tilly [G]iven paltry real wages and the soul-crushing and skill-devaluing experience of long-term unemployment, fewer Americans are working at all. © 2018 Current History. All rights reserved. 2018 The Regents of the University of California Chris Tilly Great Recession labor...

... Shavkat Mirziyoyev Islam Karimov democratic reforms Soviet Union authoritarianism Islam Central Asia labor migration 277 [L]abor migration brought the country to a point of no return: millions of the poorest Uzbeks could no longer be cut off from the rest of the world . . . Uzbekistan...

... mobility middle class poverty labor migration informal economy economic development communism Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong 203 In December 1978, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) formally announced its decision to leave the safe shores of economic policies based on state socialism...

...Scott D. Taylor A new study of Chinese projects in one African nation offers a nuanced picture of a distinct type of state-led foreign investment often caricatured as a rapacious new form of imperialism. The Specter of Global China: Politics, Labor, and Foreign Investment in Africa...

... North American Free Trade Agreement Mexico Canada United States trade labor maquiladoras manufacturing agriculture wages inequality immigration Donald Trump migration border The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect nearly a quarter-cen-tury ago, on January 1, 1994...

...Marcel Paret South Africa's organized labor movement is now, arguably, weaker and more fragmented than at any other time in the past three decades. Disagreement over how unions should relate to the ruling party, the ANC, is central to this fragmentation. © 2017 Current History. All rights...

...Emmanuel Teitelbaum Ironically, the interests and objectives of union leaders may align with those of the ruling coalition: employment growth in the organized sector is essential to the labor movement's survival in the coming decades, just as it is for the survival of the Modi government. © 2017...

...Rudra Sil After the fall of communism, the restructuring of labor became an integral part of the larger project of building democracy and markets. © 2017 Current History. All rights reserved. 2017 The Regents of the University of California 88 After the fall of communism, the restructuring...

...Matthew E. Carnes The most important question concerning labor in Latin American today is how … to achieve a meaningful incorporation of all citizens of working age and ability in the workforce. Visit any of the great Latin American cities whether Bogotá or Buenos Aires, Lima or Mexico City...

... agreements workers developing nations globalization Bangladesh multinational corporations garment industry labor rights World Trade Organization China 17 [C]hanging the incentives for governments in developing countries is prob- ably necessary albeit not sufficient to achieve sustained...