... slumped to a dismal rate barely above population growth. Contrary to the popular narrative of state bloat, the Indian state remained distinctly undermanned in relation to the country’s huge population. Nonetheless, India’s “License Raj” was denounced for its corruption and red tape; by the early 1980s...

... on for several more pages, covering well-trodden terrain: ethno-sectarian politics, corruption, the rise of militant movements, an unsustainable economic model, and so forth. Finding solutions for these issues remains a perennial problem. The mountains of policy prescriptions written over the years have...

...Alexander Etkind Alexei Navalny has been the most prominent campaigner against Russia’s massive oil-fueled corruption, reaching millions of viewers with witty video exposés. Now imprisoned in a penal colony after returning to Moscow following his recovery from a poisoning, he has made his own...

... with little more than public awareness campaigns, urging consumers to develop their own digital literacy to avoid scams. Corruption at the state level, meanwhile, remains pervasive, as shown by scandals exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Construction of a new capital city will be another test of financial...

....” The sixty years that followed bore out Nkrumah’s prescient warnings on the continent. Africa trade resources corruption African Continental Free Trade Agreement US foreign policy If the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AFCFTA) is fully implemented following its symbolic launch...

...Sonja Wolf In June 2019, Nayib Bukele, a former mayor affiliated with the former guerrilla movement FMLN, became president of El Salvador at the head of a new party allied with a splinter faction of the right-wing ARENA party. Capitalizing on the corruption scandals that tainted the two major...

... enacted under its auspices in Central Asia, and examples of how these projects have been marred by elite corruption and local protest. © 2020 by The Regents of the University of California 2020 China Belt and Road Initiative Central Asia economy infrastructure corruption On a chilly...

...Marwan M. Kraidy Protests against a dysfunctional and corrupt political class have erupted nationwide, crossing sectarian divides. A frustrated younger generation, unscarred by the civil war, is in the vanguard. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University...

... corruption youth Ilham Aliyev 265 The consequences of this missed opportunity are serious and will be felt in the not-so-distant future when the oil deposits have drained away. Azerbaijan s Missed Opportunities FARID GULIYEV During its recent oil boom, Azerbaijan ex-perienced more than a decade...

... governance corruption social policy labor 251 Western journalists routinely fall into the trap of presenting Russia as a tightly controlled society with a hands-on leader dictating from the center. In reality, howev- er, the governance provided by the Russian state is incoherent, and Russian so- ciety...

...Gaik Cheng Khoo There is a danger that internal power struggles may cause distractions and derail the project of reformation. © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Malaysia politics civil society corruption ethnicity Mahathir...

... China governance surveillance law corruption civil liberties Internet Xi Jinping communism 209 Social credit redirects the power of data away from markets and strengthens the state s ability to comprehensively control behavior. China s Social Credit System: Data-Driven Governance...

... racial inequality middle class social mobility corruption African National Congress education employment business Jacob Zuma Cyril Ramaphosa 169 The precarity of daily existence for so many black middle-class South Africans is heightened by dependence on political connections. South...

... Heredia Democratic Republic Congo Félix Tshisekedi Joseph Kabila Mobutu Sese Seko democracy elections corruption human rights civil society water protest movements 175 The strategies Kabila adopted to avoid stepping down at the end of his term in December 2016 inadvertently...

... democracy elections corruption military rule Muhammadu Buhari Olusegun Obasanjo Goodluck Jonathan Boko Haram Pentecostal Christianity 163 Now and again, as one political crisis or another has threatened to rend the fabric of the Nigerian Fourth Republic since its founding with the return...

... insurgency parallel governance corruption courts Pakistan Mullah Omar Donald Trump 143 The Taliban are no longer a shadowy insurgency; they are now a full-fledged parallel political order. The Taliban s War for Legitimacy in Afghanistan ASHLEY JACKSON AND FLORIAN WEIGAND More than seventeen...

... Brazil election military dictatorship Jair Bolsonaro Lula da Silva Dilma Rousseff impeachment corruption Worker's Party Rio de Janeiro crime race relations misogyny collective memory history transitional justice 68 A central feature of Bolsonaro s pro-dictatorship campaign...

... of California Zahra Ali Safaa Khalaf Iraq Iran Basra Sunni Shia Kurds Nuri al-Maliki Haider al-Abadi Moqtada al-Sadr corruption sectarianism occupation Islamists Islamic State ISIS oil protests unemployment youth 338 The security and military apparatus that was trained, armed...

... Theodore Gerber Russia economic reform oligarchs middle class social mobility education cronyism corruption Soviet Union communism inequality 258 The fall of the Soviet Union sparked hopes that a Russian middle class would emerge and thrive, but so far it has not. Stalled Social...

... oligarchs corruption Viktor Yanukovych Petro Poroshenko civil society civil rights free press 264 The increasing vibrancy of civil society had become a serious political threat to the authorities. Ukraine s Emerging Security State SERHIY KUDELIA Ukraine s Euromaidan Revolution has be-come...