... Press , 2018 © 2019 Current History. All rights reserved. 2019 The Regents of the University of California Syria Bashar al-Assad authoritarianism book reviews How does a regime manage to stay in pow-er for decades? How do protests that start peacefully end up being eclipsed by a dev...

... Ghosn Syria civil war refugees sanctions drought Bashar al-Assad reconstruction reconciliation Turkey Lebanon Russia Iran Arab Spring 331 When the guns finally fall silent, the road to recovery in Syria will be long, bumpy, and treacherous. Post-conflict reconstruction, reparations...

... civil war Islamic State Barack Obama Russia Vladimir Putin Bashar al-Assad Turkey Libya Iraq Iran Middle East 337 The single most important external factor in the Syrian war s trajectory was the set of foreign policy beliefs Obama held well before the first shot was fired...

... consequences. © 2015 Current History. All rights reserved. 2015 The Regents of the University of California Samer Abboud Syria Free Syrian Army Local Coordination Committees Bashar al-Assad Turkey Islamic State ISIS Lebanon civil war 337 With major regional powers in disagreement...

... . Prometheus Books , 2014 . © 2014 Current History. All rights reserved. 2014 The Regents of the University of California Max Weiss Syria abyss bashar al-assad Assad uprising bloody struggle coup hafez reese erlich backstory ottoman ottomania pax journalism idealism idealistic...

... The Regents of the University of California Reinoud Leenders Syria Bashar al-Assad revolution protest repression civil war sectarian identity Iran Hezbollah violence propaganda authoritarianism 331 Hammered for more than two years by mass protests and a vicious insurgency, the Syrian...

... Alawite Sunni Bashar al-Assad Russia Iran Kurds Lebanon Turkey 331 The first year and a half in the current round of Syria s long civil war took as many lives as the three-week orgy of violence in the city of Hama that ended the last round in 1982. In both cases, some 25,000 to 30,000 people...

... of California David Lesch Syria intervention Libya Barack Obama Turkey Jordan Muammar el-Qaddafi Bashar al-Assad Russia China Iran 299 We have learned time and again in history that arming opposition forces, while improving their chances in the near term, can militarize and divide...

...Sami Moubayed Many in the opposition are now saying the regime is stronger than they had imagined. © 2011 Current History. All rights reserved. 2011 The Regents of the University of California Sami Moubayed Syria Bashar al-Assad Egypt Faisal Kalthoum Arab Spring Atef Najib...

...Lindsay A. Gifford “Assad planned when he took office to slowly implement economic reforms and eventually allow greater political freedom. That project has failed on both counts.” © 2009 Current History. All rights reserved. 2009 The Regents of the University of California Syria Bashar...