... to the brink of state failure. With the capital Bamako in turmoil, Tuareg separatists and Islamist rebels advanced and rapidly occupied the northern half of the country. While the crisis that erupted in 2012 took many by surprise, in retrospect it should not have been unexpected. The surge in violence...

... el-Qaddafi Tuareg human rights 305 A dose of humility might lead Americans to realize that military intervention always produces unforeseen consequences. Libya and the Limits of Intervention stephen Kinzer One day last summer, bearded militants in control of northern Mali seized a couple...