... Ghosn Syria civil war refugees sanctions drought Bashar al-Assad reconstruction reconciliation Turkey Lebanon Russia Iran Arab Spring 331 When the guns finally fall silent, the road to recovery in Syria will be long, bumpy, and treacherous. Post-conflict reconstruction, reparations...

... of California Michele Dunne Egypt coup Muslim Brotherhood Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Cairo Wedian Arab Spring military authoritarianism repression 355 By 2018, most Egyptians who had played important roles in public life between the mid-2000s and the 2013 coup were either in prison or in exile...

... Sheila Carapico Yemen war Saudi Arabia Gulf Cooperation Council Sunni Shia Houthis al-Qaeda Zaydi Arab Spring King Salman Muhammad bin PERSPECTIVE Arabia Infelix: The War Devouring Yemen SHEILA CARAPICO SHEILA CARAPICO is a professor of political science and inter- national studies...

...Marwan M. Kraidy Did the same pro-market economic policies that gave rise to the Arab Spring also doom the would-be revolutionaries by sapping their capacity for envisioning radical alternatives? Revolution without Revolutionaries: Making Sense of the Arab Spring , by Asef Bayat...

... of the University of California Ian Hartshorn Arab Spring uprisings labor trade unions Middle East North Africa Egypt Tunisia Hosni Mubarak Mohamed Morsi Muslim Brotherhood 349 Some trade unions, even in the most repressive states, attempted to organize themselves and press for greater...

... Arab Spring General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Muslim Brotherhood Mohamed Morsi January 2011 uprising authoritarian rule human rights economic reforms Salafis Sinai 343 Sisi s focus on fighting terrorism has shifted the nation s political narrative from democracy and freedom...

... rights reserved. 2015 The Regents of the University of California Marc Lynch Arab Spring public sphere Egypt Tahrir Square Al Jazeera Qatar Kuwait Tunisia Libya Hosni Mubarak Mohamed Morsi Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Muslim Brotherhood satellite television Internet social...

... History. All rights reserved. 2013 The Regents of the University of California Emile Nakhleh Middle East propaganda soft power autocracy Arab Spring Egypt Saudi Arabia Bahrain Qatar media civil society democracy Islam 356 The youth revolts . . . have shown that while regimes...

... Dunne Arab Spring Middle East Libya Tunisia Yemen Egypt Syria economic inequality political reform PERSPECTIVE Spring is not the most pleasant season in the Arab countries. The first time I spent the month of May in the Middle East, I was stunned when the mild weather turned sti- flingly...

... The Regents of the University of California Gönül Tol Turkey Middle East Arab Spring Syria Iraq Kurds Israel Islam democracy trade Tunisia Egypt Libya 350 The success of Turkey s democratic experiment and its economic model of high productivity and export-led growth have contributed...

...Ahmed Galal A continuation of past redistributive policies in the post—Arab Spring period is not a viable option. © 2012 Current History. All rights reserved. 2012 The Regents of the University of California Ahmed Galal inequality Arab Spring economy redistributive policies oil...

... Gamal Soltan Jakob Wichmann Arab Spring Islamism democracy Egypt Tunisia secularism transition 362 PERSPECTIVE Fears that the Arab Spring will become an Islamist Winter are exaggerated. com-mentators are correct that Islamists play a major role in transitions in the region today. However...

...Jeffrey Mankoff Throughout the upheaval in the Arab world, Moscow has been firmly on the side of the status quo.… © 2012 Current History. All rights reserved. 2012 The Regents of the University of California Jeffrey Mankoff Russia Middle East Arab Spring Syria Libya intervention...

...Simon Serfaty The Arab Spring will sorely test the ability of Europe, mired in financial woes and institutional confusion, to help shape events in its near abroad. 118 PERSPECTIVE In 2011, the long-awaited Arab Spring reas-serted the Greater Middle East as history s geo-graphic pivot a region...

... in Latin America and Africa scorn their elected governments? Because the yearning for dignity and freedom springs from human nature and patience with autocrats is running out. It will run out one day, too, in Tehran, Riyadh, Moscow, and Beijing. Many worry because Islamists have seized political advantage...

... Arab Spring democracy Hillary Clinton George Bush Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali Tunisia Egypt Muslim Brotherhood 14 This is a period laden with potential for the growth of freedom, but also heavy with risks and challenges for the United States. Arab Revolts Upend Old Assumptions aUgUstUs...

...Frederic Wehrey Saudi and Iranian meddling aggravates a divisive, dangerous form of identity politics in fragile, vulnerable states. © 2011 Current History. All rights reserved. 2011 The Regents of the University of California Frederic Wehrey Arab Spring Iran Saudi Arabia Bahrain...

...Sami Moubayed Many in the opposition are now saying the regime is stronger than they had imagined. © 2011 Current History. All rights reserved. 2011 The Regents of the University of California Sami Moubayed Syria Bashar al-Assad Egypt Faisal Kalthoum Arab Spring Atef Najib...

... of California Michele Dunne Libya Muammar el-Qaddafi Arab Spring Transitional National Council 370 PERSPECTIVE Will Libya s dearth of institutions and civ-il society organizations make a transi-tion to democracy harder or easier than it will be for Egypt or Tunisia? When Libyans first rose up...

...Ashraf El Sherif It makes no sense today to divide Arab politics into neatly crafted opposites, the ‘Islamist’ versus the ‘civil democratic’ blocs. © 2011 Current History. All rights reserved. 2011 The Regents of the University of California Ashraf El Sherif Islamism Arab Spring...