... TPalestinians Kurds minorities Benjamin Netanyahu Recep Tayyip Erdogan 355 These two minority communities have to work within the confines of ethno- nationalist states that question their right to participate in the political system. Pushing for a Political Breakthrough: Kurds in Turkey...

... of California Zahra Ali Safaa Khalaf Iraq Iran Basra Sunni Shia Kurds Nuri al-Maliki Haider al-Abadi Moqtada al-Sadr corruption sectarianism occupation Islamists Islamic State ISIS oil protests unemployment youth 338 The security and military apparatus that was trained, armed...

... Fethullah Gülen Kurds European Union democracy authoritarianism Military interventions have been a fixture of Turkish political life since the intro-duction of multiparty elections in 1950. The army long saw itself as the guardian of the republic established by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) in 1923...

... Fanar Haddad Iraq borders colonialism sectarianism corruption Shia Sunni Kurds Middle East Sykes-Picot Ottoman Empire Baghdad nationalism 343 [F]ocusing on the supposed consequences of Iraq s artificial foundations diverts our attention from the real issues cumulative or immediate...

... of the University of California Fiona Adamson globalization diasporas diaspora politics Eritrea Iraq Kurds India Sri Lanka Tigers Tamil Eeelam Irish-Americans American Israel Public Affairs Committee AIPAC Mexico Mexican-Americans A few decades ago, there was little interest...

... Fawaz Gerges jihadism middle east ISIS ISIL IS Islamic State caliph caliphate Islamism islamist fundamentalism fundamentalist terrorist root orgin sectarian co-opt sharia execution al-Baghdadi near east Al Qaeda AQI Qutb jihad jihadist Syria Iraq Kurds Kurd Kurdish...

... kurds kurd alawite Since the upsurge of revolutionary opposi-tion to Bashar al-Assad s dictatorship began around March 2011, the world has been riv- eted by Syria, a country about which most people had previously known little or nothing. Those brave activists animating the nonviolent uprising...

... Bruce Cumings Beijing China grabs islands pacific smaller countries region Asia Oceania Washington pivot Obama policy Communist cold war party-state kurds turks strategies national brotherhood week tom Lehrer containment Nixon neoliberal sino-american sun yat sen shi...

... of the University of California Kenneth Pollack Iraq civil war democracy elections Nuri Kamal al-Maliki Sunni Shiite Kurds Iran Turkey 349 Iraq s indigenous forces for stability seem unlikely to be able to hold the levee themselves, but among the external players only Iran, ironically, seems...

... Alawite Sunni Bashar al-Assad Russia Iran Kurds Lebanon Turkey 331 The first year and a half in the current round of Syria s long civil war took as many lives as the three-week orgy of violence in the city of Hama that ended the last round in 1982. In both cases, some 25,000 to 30,000 people...

... of the University of California Daniel Serwer Iraq Nuri Kamal al-Maliki Shiite Sunni Kurds oil Syria Turkey Iran 344 Iraq is still in search of internal equilibrium and its proper international role after the trauma of more than thirty years of Saddam Hussein s dictatorship and eight years...

... The Regents of the University of California Gönül Tol Turkey Middle East Arab Spring Syria Iraq Kurds Israel Islam democracy trade Tunisia Egypt Libya 350 The success of Turkey s democratic experiment and its economic model of high productivity and export-led growth have contributed...

... version of Iraqi nationalism and the concept of the new Iraqi man (and woman). Arab or Kurd, Sunni or Shia, communist or monarchist, Saddam aimed to fashion a supernationalism tailored to fit his aspiration to unite all in what was essentially a pan-Sunni Arabism. . . . AND REINVENTING IRAQ...