... Fawaz Gerges jihadism middle east ISIS ISIL IS Islamic State caliph caliphate Islamism islamist fundamentalism fundamentalist terrorist root orgin sectarian co-opt sharia execution al-Baghdadi near east Al Qaeda AQI Qutb jihad jihadist Syria Iraq Kurds Kurd Kurdish...

... of California Jenny White Turkey tipping point Erdogan AKP Turkish polarization ottoman nationalism authoritarianism aspiration platform elections kemalist fethullah gulen soma muslim turkishness kurd secularist secular religious PKK gezi kobani 356 By pulling the levers...

... kurds kurd alawite Since the upsurge of revolutionary opposi-tion to Bashar al-Assad s dictatorship began around March 2011, the world has been riv- eted by Syria, a country about which most people had previously known little or nothing. Those brave activists animating the nonviolent uprising...

... History. All rights reserved. 2004 The Regents of the University of California Turkey Europe EU Kemalism Recep Tayyip Erdogan Islam Kurd Necmettin Erbakan Young Turks Copenhagen Summit 389 For many Europeans, integration with a large Muslim country of 70 million people...

... decides? © 2001 Current History. All rights reserved. 2001 The Regents of the University of California United States Iraq democracy Saddam Hussein Iran Saudi Arabia George Bush Turkey Kurd Arab The Bush administration has increasingly jus-tified the war in Iraq and its continued...