... policy issue one that requires regional cooperation. WAVES OF DISPLACEMENT According to a 2017 Freedom House report by Tomas Paez and Leonardo Vivas, there have been three notable phases of Venezuelan emigration since the charismatic leftist Hugo Chávez came to power in 1999. The first phase, beginning...

... of California Alejandro Velasco Venezuela Nicolás Maduro Hugo Chávez Constituent Assembly National elections democracy riots food shortages authoritarianism populism working class PERSPECTIVE The Pyrrhic Victories of Venezuela s President ALEJANDRO VELASCO 73 Christmas Eve should have...

... Crabtree Bolivia Evo Morales indigenous rights national development land reform Ecuador Hugo Chávez climate change cocaine 55 The Morales administration sought to give indigenous peoples more rights and greater influence in government, effectively breaking down traditional patterns...

...Michael M. McCarthy The deterioration of Venezuelan democracy that precipitated Chávez's rise and then worsened under his rule has devolved into a turn toward outright authoritarianism under Maduro. © 2017 Current History. All rights reserved. 2017 The Regents of the University of California...

... Mexico Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI Dilma Rousseff Brazil Michelle Bachelet Chile Hugo Chávez Venezuela Evo Morales Bolivia Néstor Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Argentina Rafael Correa Ecuador Fidel Castro Cuba Committees Defense Revolution Colombia A dynamic...

... Maduro government Venezuela United Socialist Party (PSUV) Chavez Chávez petrostate oil charisma economic failure reform Dutch disease Caracazo ideology Perez Pérez Ramirez Merentes pacted democracy opposition Aveledo Democratic Unity Roundtable coalition inter-American...

...” Bolivarian revolution economic crisis crises depression class war independence indian mestizo Díaz mexico Venezuela neoliberalism socialism neoliberal Third World Ecuador Chávez Maduro oil gas morales 68 Latin American nationalism is unique in comparison with the nationalisms...

... exclusions chavez chicano Nafta network remaking As of 2013, 54 million Hispanics lived in the United States. They make up the country s largest minority, representing 17 percent of the total population. This is also the second-largest Hispanic population in the world (after Mexico s 120 million...

...Javier Corrales For the opposition to win, the regime must become fairer and more democratic, the ruling party must split, and the opposition must remain united. Javier Corrales Venezuela Hugo Chávez succession Nicolás Maduro elections petro-state authoritarian governance © 2013...

... Brazil Venezuela regionalism Luis Inácio Lula da Silva Organization American States Union South American Nations Community Latin American Caribbean Nations Mercosur Hugo Chávez United States 56 Brazil s rise, coupled with the diminished influence of the United States...

... History. All rights reserved. 2012 The Regents of the University of California Redeemers Enrique Krauze Octavio Paz Eva Perón Che Guevara Hugo Chávez 77 Redeemers is a simple idea, brilliantly exe-cuted. Mexican historian Enrique Krauze has given us what appears to be an eclec- tic...

... disputes in the past few years have involved Colombia particularly under the hard- right government of Álvaro Uribe (2002 2010) and the left-leaning governments of Venezuela and Ecuador. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez frequently alleges that the United States poses an immediate threat to his country s...

... Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Venezuela Hugo Chávez Rio Branco Celso Amorim Itamar Franco Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazilian foreign policy Mercosul 53 Lula has regarded regional involvement as a means to strengthen Brazilian industry for global competition and to establish his...

... America Hugo Chávez Venezuela Daniel Ortega Nicaragua Álvaro Uribe Colombia Leonel Fernández Dominican Republic 74 Latin America is witnessing an all-too-familiar pattern of presidents manipulat- ing the constitutional framework to seek additional terms in office. The Return...

...William W. Finan, Jr. A new book revisits Venezuela's political crisis of April 2002, when President Hugo Chávez was forced out of office and then quickly reinstated. The Silence and the Scorpion: The Coup Against Chávez and the Making of Modern Venezuela , by Brian A. Nelson . Nation...

... Latin America United States Brazil Mexico Barack Obama Unasur Mercosur Luis Inacio Lula da Silva Hugo Chavez Rafael Correa 51 Just one month before Barack Obama s historic inauguration, all 33 of the United States south-ern neighbors convened at an unprecedented mega-summit hosted...

...Javier Corrales ‘Socialism for the twenty-first century’ is looking more and more like political suicide in the making. © 2009 Current History. All rights reserved. 2009 The Regents of the University of California Venezuela Hugo Chavez power asymmetry constitutional referendum Radio...

...’ in the 1990s#x2014;have been widely questioned, and largely dismissed. With traditional ideas and structures breaking apart, new leaders are being called on to produce results. © 2003 Current History. All rights reserved. 2003 The Regents of the University of California Bolivia Brazil Hugo Chavez...

...Jennifer McCoy; Laura Neuman Hugo Chávez has taken on the mantle of the people's will. He has also taken on an ever-larger share of political power and shown an increasing interest in spreading his “Bolivarian revolution” to the downtrodden in nearby Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. © 2020 Current...