The Independent Offender

Ralph W. England has been on the faculty of the University of Rhode Island since 1960. He was a United Nations consultant on prison labor ( 1954–1955), instructed in police training while with the University of Illinois (1955–1960), and is presently active in delinquency prevention and correctional training programs in Rhode Island. The author of numerous articles, Dr. England also has written Prison Labor (New York: United Nations, 1955) and, with D. R. Taft, Criminology (4th ed.; New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964).