... that the traditional socialist economy, once prevalent in workplaces, schools, and hospitals, has now been supplanted by individual-to-individual private market interactions. Moreover, bribery serves not only as an informal practice but also as a “moral economy,” which differs from the more organized forms...

... rights (control rights) include the right to manage the resource and how it is used (management rights), the right to determine who has use rights (exclusion rights), the right to monitor how the resource is used and its overall state (monitoring rights), and the right to market and sell the resource...

... Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 2006 The Regents of the University of California Corruption Marketization Rents Comparative advantage State Transition Reform, corruption, and growth: Why corruption is more devastating in Russia than in China Tomas Larsson* Department of Government...

...Carolyn L. Hsu This paper explores the role of favor exchange practices—Chinese guanxi and Russian blat —on investment and entrepreneurship. In both societies policies which supported marketization were undermined by actual institutions, including an insufficient legal structure for enforcing...