...Marta Maj; Katarzyna Jasko; Bartosz Majchrowicz; Zuzanna Skóra; Michał Wierzchoń; Peter M. Gollwitzer Whereas some actions are spontaneous and have consequences that are experienced nearly immediately, other actions are planned in advance, and there is a delay between the intention and the outcome...

... meta-cognitions during goal pursuit. A tool to assess such differences would help to identify and intervene on personal barriers to goal progress. Here, we define a new construct within the conscientiousness domain—planfulness—that captures a person’s proclivity to adopt efficient goal-related...