... visit to San Francisco, but the controversies that the regiment generated during its western travels have yet to be closely examined. In the most dramatic incident, nearly half of the regiment stormed out of the Presidio army base into a local neighborhood, in an attempt to lynch a Black San Franciscan...

... scholarship asserts that the Chinese rarely suffered lynching and were commonly targeted for other types of violence, including coercion, harassment, and intimidation. Building on that work, this study advances a definition of racist violence that includes a broad spectrum of attacks, including the threat...