This article analyzes the significance of the 1977 California International Women’s Year (IWY) Conference, one of fifty-six state and territorial meetings held ahead of the 1977 National Women’s Conference (NWC) in Houston, Texas. The NWC was the first and only time that the U.S. federal government funded and authorized an event focused on women’s rights. Utilizing primary and oral history sources, we examine the political mobilization of women of color and lesbians from California. We focus on the efforts of these minoritized women to reach their respective communities and to form coalitions with one another, before and during the state meeting, in order to make collective impacts at the NWC. We make three arguments. First, these California activists built upon a longer tradition of political mobilization within and across communities defined in terms of race, indigeneity, and sexuality. Second, the timing of political engagement by women of color and lesbian-identified activists with the NWC, namely in the late 1970s, challenges the temporal understanding of so-called second-wave feminism, which tends to focus on the 1960s and early 1970s. Finally, the range of political ideas and strategies expressed at the California IWY Conference and the NWC reveals the intertwining of various ideologies and approaches to creating change. The NWC was a state-sponsored political event, but the grassroots mobilization that occurred at the local, state, and national levels enabled women of diverse backgrounds and beliefs to articulate and advocate for their political vision.
“Nothing Less Than Justice”: Race, Sexuality, and Representation at the 1977 California International Women’s Year Conference
STEPHANIE NARROW is a history PhD candidate at the University of California, Irvine. Alongside Vicki L. Ruiz, Kim Cary Warren, and Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, she is the coeditor of Unequal Sisters: A Revolutionary Reader in U.S. Women’s History (Routledge, forthcoming). She is the recipient of the American Historical Association’s Career Diversity Fellowship, the British Library’s Eccles Centre for American Studies Visiting Fellowship, and the Center of the American West’s Mellon Applied History Fellowship. Her research explores the role of transimperialism in the nineteenth-century Pacific World, and the coeval production of anti-Chinese and anti-Native ideologies and legislation in the British and American empires.
HALEIGH MARCELLO is a PhD student in American History at the University of California, Irvine. She is the author of “The National Organization for Women, the Equal Rights Amendment, and California NOW Chapters’ Lesbian Feminist Activism,” a document project published by Women and Social Movements in the United States (2021). She has also coauthored another document project for Women and Social Movements along with Stephanie Narrow and Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, “From the Margin toward the Center: California Women and the National Women’s Conference” (2022). She is currently working on a dissertation project focusing on the impacts of suburban space on LGBT activism in Orange County, California, during the 1980s.
JUDY TZU-CHUN WU is a professor of history and Asian American studies at the University of California, Irvine. She also serves as faculty director of the Humanities Center and associate dean of research, faculty development, and public engagement in the School of Humanities. She is the inaugural director of the Center for Liberation, Anti-Racism, and Belonging (C-LAB). Her most recent book, Fierce and Fearless: Patsy Takemoto Mink, First Woman of Color in Congress (2022), is a collaboration with political scientist Gwendolyn Mink and the recipient of the 2023 Organization of American Historians’ Mary Nickliss Prize, awarded for the best book in U.S. women’s and/or gender history. Wu is completing a book that focuses on Asian American and Pacific Islander Women who attended the 1977 National Women’s Conference.
Stephanie Narrow, Haleigh Marcello, Judy Tzu-Chun Wu; “Nothing Less Than Justice”: Race, Sexuality, and Representation at the 1977 California International Women’s Year Conference. California History 1 August 2023; 100 (3): 57–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.3.57
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