... international environment. This gradual adaptation started to develop during the 1970s and 1980s and produced a transition from populist authoritarianism (PA) to post-populist authoritarianism (PPA) ( Hinnebusch 2006 ). Adaptations were different because of differences of the impact of the economic reforms...

... is conditional on its being in conformity with the articles of the constitution, the laws of the country, and its deep-rooted national identity ( Belkeziz 2012 , 45). © 2019 by the Centre for Arab Unity Studies 2019 security securitization democracy authoritarianism political transition popular...

... The Centre for Arab Unity Studies 2015 Arab Spring authoritarianism Islamists and ISIS lack of leadership sectarianism external interventionism COMMENT The spring that has not flowered: what went wrong with the Arab Spring Michael Sakbani* Herbert Walker School of Business, Webster University...

...Federico Battera This article argues that differences in Arab authoritarian regimes were mainly linked to the relationship between the state, the political party in power and the military. By exploring such differences in Tunisia, Egypt and Syria prior to the 2011 crisis, they are explained...

... elections, particularly with the introduction of the 2007 constitutional amendments, demonstrates its determination to re-consolidate its authoritarian practices. Corresponding Address : Email: [email protected] © 2008 The Centre for Arab Unity Studies 2008 Egypt democracy...